ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of COVID-19 on Research: The Peer-review Process and Ethical Issues must not be Neglected
http://www.jimc.ir/article_119993_c43ed8411f623ba3cae78c1d8d809ffd.pdf
2020-07-01
113
114
Non
Ahmad
Shamabadi
1
Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahin
Akhondzadeh
s.akhond@tums.ac.ir
2
Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Harper L, Kalfa N, Beckers GMA, Kaefer M, Nieuwhof-Leppink AJ, Magdalena F, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on research. J Pediatr Urol 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713792/
1
2. Ahmed H, Allaf M, Elghazaly H. COVID-19 and medical education. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20(7):777-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213335/
2
3. Tuttle KR. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical research. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020;16(10):562-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32760016/
3
4. Rabin RC. The Pandemic Claims New Victims: Prestigious Medical Journals. The New York Times 2020 June.
4
5. Gu X, Cao B, Wang J. Full spectrum of COVID-19 severity still being depicted. Lancet 2020;395(10228):948-9. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32066526
5
6. Edwards JK, Cole SR, Adimora AA. Remdesivir and COVID-19. Lancet 2020;396(10256):953-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7529398/
6
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Frequency of Sexual Dysfunctions and Behaviors Among Women Attending Health Care Centers in West of Tehran
Abstract Background: Sexual dysfunction is a common problem among women visiting psychiatrists. This study was performed to determine the frequency of sexual dysfunctions and behaviors among women attending health care centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences which are located in the west of Tehran. The association between these dysfunctions and different variables was assessed. The number of participants who thought their partners had sexual dysfunctions was determined. The study was performed from Oct 2017 until Oct 2018.Methods: In this observational descriptive cross-sectional survey, 400 women attending health care centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences from Oct 2017 to Oct 2018 were enrolled and the frequency of sexual dysfunctions and behaviors among them and their partners was determined by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Quality of Sexual Function (QSF) questionnaire. Their general health was assessed by General Heath Questionnaire (GHQ).Results: In this study, the mean age of participants was 37.5 years and their mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 28.5 kg/m. Totally, 223 subjects (55.8%) had sexual dysfunctions, including satisfaction (42.5%), pain (36.8%), desire (28.5%), arousal (25%), lubrication (29.8%) and orgasm disorder (30.5%). The frequency of sexual dysfunction was not significantly related to age, BMI, mood disorder, psychosomatic problems, general health and somatic problems (p>0.05) and 8% of participants had masturbated at least once in their life.Conclusion: It may be concluded that more than half of women attending health care centers had sexual dysfunctions in which satisfaction disorder was the most prevalent one.Also, 43% of participants thought that their partners had sexual dysfunction. These rates are high and would require further attention and assessment.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_119994_d7f43d3a22172e9af8e72a1019443ee0.pdf
2020-07-01
115
122
Prevalence
Sexual dysfunction
Women
Nasibe
Eftekhari
n.eftekhary@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrdad
Eftekhar
mehrdad.eftekhar@gmail.com
2
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mansour
Salehi
mansour.salehi@gmail.com
3
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Rasoulian
rasoulian.m@gmail.com
4
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Science and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Ahmadzad Asl
ahmadzadasl.m@iums.ac.ir
5
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Science and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Nooshin
Khademolreza
nooshinkreza@gmail.com
6
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Soltai Ramezan Zadeh
7
Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Fakhrodin
Arman
hsamarmn@gmail.com
8
Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington DC, USA: American psychiatric publishing; 2013.p.423-51.
1
2. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. JAMA 1999;281(60):537-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10022110/
2
3. Ghiasi A, Keramat A. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among reproductive-age Women in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Midwifery Reproductive Health 2018;6(3):1390-8.
3
4. Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, Paik A, Gingell C, Moreira E, et al. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40-80 years old: Prevalence and correlates identified in the global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. Int J Impot Res 2015;17(1):39-57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15215881/
4
5. Wylie K, Danis B, Jannini EA, Hallam-Jones R, Boul L, Wilson L, et al. Loss of sexual desire in the postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2007;4(2):395-405. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17367435/
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6. Kinsberg SA. The impact of aging on sexual function in women and their partners. Arch Sex Behav 2002;31(5):431-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12238611/
6
7. Dennerstein L, Koochaki P, Barton I, Grazziottin A. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in menopausal women: A survey of western europian women. J Sex Med 2006;3(2):212-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16490014/
7
8. Hartmann U, Philipposohn S, Heiser K, Ruffer-Hesse C. Low sexual desire in midlife and older women: Personality factors, psychosocial development, present sexuality. Menopause 2004;11(6 Pt 2):726-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15543025/
8
9. Hissue S, Kumamoto Y, Sato Y, Masumori N, Horita H, Kato R, et al. Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction symptoms and its relationship to quality of life: A Japanese female cohort study. Urology 2005;65(1):143-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15667880/
9
10. Karimian Z, Atoof F, Azin SA, Maasoumi R, Merghati Khoei E. Sexual behaviors and its predictors among Iranian women living in Kashan city 2017: A cross-sectional study. Int J Fertil Steril 2018;12(3):207-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29935065/
10
11. Ramezani M, Ahmadi K, Ghaemmaghami A, Azad Marzabadi E, Pardakhti F. Epidemiology of sexual dysfunction in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med 2015;6:43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26097672/
11
12. Atallah S, Johnson-Agbakwu C, Rosenbaum T, Abdo C, Byers ES, Graham C, et al. Ethical and sociocultural aspects of sexual function and dysfunction in both sexes. J Sex Med 2016;13(4):591-606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27045259/
12
13. Palacios S, Castano R, Grazziotin A. Epidemiology of female sexual dysfunction. Maturitis 2009;63(2):119-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19482447/
13
14. Graziottin A, Serafini A, Palcios S. Etiology, diagnostic algorithms and prognosis of female sexual dysfunction. Maturitis 2009;63(2):128-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19493639/
14
15. Ponholzer A, Rohelich M, Racz U, Temmel C, Madersbacher S. Female sexual dysfunction in a healthy Austrian cohort: Prevalence and risk factors. Eur Urol 2005;47(3):366-375. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15716203/
15
16. Shakeri A, Sedaghat Rostami M, Mazdai Kh, Mohammadi A. Masturbation: Prevention and treatment. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2011;30:1641-1646.
16
17. Kaestle CE, Allen KR. The role of masturbation in healthy sexual development: Perception of young adults. Arch Sex Behav 2011;40(5):983-94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21293916/
17
18. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R, et al. The female sexual index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26(2):191-208. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10782451/
18
19. Mohammadi Kh, Heydari M, Faghihzadeh S. The female sexual function index (FSFI): Validation of Iranian Version. Payesh 2008;7(3):269-78.
19
20. Heinemann LAJ, Patthof P, Heinmann K, Palus A, Ahlers CJ, Saad F. Scale for quality of sexual function (QSF) as an outcome measure for both genders. J Sex Med 2005;2(1):82-95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16422910/
20
21. Safarinejad MR. Female sexual dysfunction in a population based study in Iran: Prevalence and associated risk factors. Int J Impot Res 2006;18(4):382-95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16395324/
21
22. Jaafarpour M, Khani A, Khajavikhan J, Suhrabi Z. Female sexual dysfunction: Prevalence and risk factors. J Clin Diag Res 2013;7(12):2877-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24551663/
22
23. Boroumand Kh, Rahmati G, Farajzadegan Z, Hoseini H. Reviewing sexual function after delivery and its association with some of the reproductive factors. Iran J Nurse Midwifery Res 2010;15(4):220-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22049284/
23
24. McCool-Myers M, Thueurich M, Zuelka A, Knuettel H, Abfelbacher C. Predictors of female sexual dysfunction: A systematic review and qualitative analysis through gender inequality paradigms. BMC Womens Health 2018;18(1):108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29929499/
24
25. Robbins CL, Schick V, Reece M, Herbenick D, Sanders SA, Dodge B, et al. Prevalence, frequency, and associations of masturbation with partnered sexual behaviors among US adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2011;165(12):1087-93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21810625/
25
26. Das A, Parish WL, Laumann EO. Masturbation in urban China. Arch Sex Behav 2009;38(1):108-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17710524/
26
27. Brotto LA, Petkau AJ, Labrie F, Basson R. Predictors of sexual desire in women. J Sex Med 2011;8(3):742-53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21143419/
27
28. McCabe MP, Goldhammer DL. Prevalence of women’s sexual desire problems: What criteria do we use?. Arch Sex Behav 2013;42(6):1073-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674067/
28
29. Arrow BA, Millheiser L, Garret A, Lake Polan M, Glover GH, Hill KR, et al. Women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder compared to normal females: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience 2009;158(2):484-502. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18976696/
29
30. Carvalho J, Nobre P. Predictors of women’s sexual desire: The role of psychopathology, relationship dimensions and medical factors. J Sex Med 2010;7(2 part 2):928-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19912503/
30
31. Lykins AD, Janssen E, Graham CA. The relationship between negative mood and sexuality in heterosexual college women and men. J Sex Res 2006;43(2):136-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16817060/
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Social Skills and Student Organization Activities: A Cross-sectional Study Among Medical Students of Tehran
AbstractBackground: Lack of effective training and practice of social skills in childhood in many communities necessitates finding costless solutions to improve these skills in adulthood. Healthcare staff may especially benefit from such advantages regarding their professional needs. Organized activity involvement can improve children social competence; such relationship, however, is not well known in adults. As the first step, the association of university student organization activity involvement and social skills level was evaluated in medical students.Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, a total of 205 female and male medical students from any grade and ethnicity, were selected by stratified random sampling from medical schools of two main universities of medical sciences of Tehran, the capital of Iran. Social competence of students was assessed by using Social Skills Inventory along with history of involvement in student organization activities and outside university group activities.Results: A statistically significant difference between social skills scores of students with and without a history of involvement in university student organization activities was detected (p=0.028). In students with such history, a positive correlation was found between social skills scores and total hours of participation in activities (r=0.206, p=0.035). A significant difference was also found between social skills scores of students involved and not involved in group activities outside the university (p <0.001).Conclusion: Medical students taking part in organized activities had significantly more social skills scores —the more active they were, the more social competence they reported. Future longitudinal researches can investigate causality and may suggest organized activity involvement for adults who experienced no effective social skills training in childhood which is a common problem in developing communities.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_119997_1f988236acb83c262c45d3115892266b.pdf
2020-07-01
123
130
cross-sectional studies
Medical students
Organizations
social skills
Seyed Mohammad Hossein
Mahmoodi
homahmoodi@gmail.com
1
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Simin
Khamoushi
siminkhamoushi@yahoo.com
2
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Faraji
faraji.maryam872@gmail.com
3
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Niloofar
Khosravi
niloo.kh2000@gmail.com
4
Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amir
Jalali Nadoushan
drjalali57@gmail.com
5
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Perry J, Felce D. Assessing work-related social skills: Existing approaches and instruments. Paper prepared for the ATLAS project. Cardiff University, Welsh Centre for Learning Disabilities 2004.
1
2. Riggio RE, Carney DR. Social skills inventory manual. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc; 2003.
2
3. Riggio RE, Watring KP, Throckmorton B. Social skills, social support, and psychosocial adjustment. Pers Individ Dif 1993;15(3):275-80.
3
4. Guhne U, Weinmann S, Arnold K, Becker T, Riedel-Heller S. [Social skills training in severe mental illness]. Psychiatr Prax 2014;41(4):e1-e17. German. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24254422/
4
5. Olaz FO, Medrano L, Greco ME, Del Prette ZA. Argentinean adaptation of the Social Skills Inventory IHS-Del-Prette. Span J Psychol 2009;12(2):756-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19899676/
5
6. Freshman B, Rubino L. Emotional intelligence: a core competency for health care administrators. Health Care Manag (Frederick) 2002;20(4):1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12083173/
6
7. Smith HM, Betz NE. Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. J Career Assess 2000;8(3):283-301.
7
8. Devine PG, Evett SR, Vasquez-Suson KA. Exploring the interpersonal dynamics of intergroup contact. In: Higgins RMSET, ed. Handbook of motivation and cognition, Vol. 3: The interpersonal context. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 1996. p.423-64.
8
9. Brackett MA, Rivers SE, Shiffman S, Lerner N, Salovey P. Relating emotional abilities to social functioning: a comparison of self-report and performance measures of emotional intelligence. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006;91(4):780-95. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17014299/
9
10. Pau AK, Croucher R. Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates. J Dent Educ 2003;67(9):1023-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14518841/
10
11. Pau AK, Croucher R, Sohanpal R, Muirhead V, Seymour K. Emotional intelligence and stress coping in dental undergraduates-a qualitative study. Br Dent J 2004;197(4):205-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15375414/
11
12. Lanning SK, Ranson SL, Willett RM. Communication skills instruction utilizing interdisciplinary peer teachers: program development and student perceptions. J Dent Educ 2008;72(2):172-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250396/
12
13. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Hall LE, Haggerty DJ, Cooper JT, Golden CJ, et al. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif 1998;25(2):167-77.
13
14. Slaski M, Cartwright S. Health, performance and emotional intelligence: an exploratory study of retail managers. Stress Health 2002;18(2):63-8.
14
15. Watkin C. Developing Emotional Intelligence. Int J Selection Assessment 2000;8(2):89-92.
15
16. Yoshida T, Milgrom P, Coldwell S. How do U.S. and Canadian dental schools teach interpersonal communication skills? J Dent Educ 2002;66(11):1281-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12484681/
16
17. Evans BJ, Stanley RO, Mestrovic R, Rose L. Effects of communication skills training on students’ diagnostic efficiency. Med Educ 1991;25(6):517-26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1758333/
17
18. Wagner PJ, Moseley GC, Grant MM, Gore JR, Owens C. Physicians’ emotional intelligence and patient satisfaction. Fam Med 2002;34(10):750-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12448645/
18
19. Roter DL, Wexler R, Naragon P, Forrest B, Dees J, Almodovar A, et al. The impact of patient and physician computer mediated communication skill training on reported communication and patient satisfaction. Patient Educ Couns 2012;88(3):406-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22789149/
19
20. Scourfield J, McGuffin P, Thapar A. Genes and social skills. Bioessays 1997;19(12):1125-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9423351/
20
21. Szczesny M, Watermann R. Differential influences of family and school type on reading and social skills. J Educational Res 2011;3(1).
21
22. Wong MKW. Parental Teaching, Warmth, and Control as Predictors of Child Social Competence in Immigrant Chinese Families. A doctoral dissertation at Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay 2011. 86 pages. Retrieved from ProQuest (Accession No. 3467158).
22
23. Mashburn AJ, Pianta RC, Hamre BK, Downer JT, Barbarin OA, Bryant D, et al. Measures of classroom quality in prekindergarten and children’s development of academic, language, and social skills. Child Dev 2008;79(3):732-49. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18489424/
23
24. Jyoti DF, Frongillo EA, Jones SJ. Food insecurity affects school children’s academic performance, weight gain, and social skills. J Nutr 2005;135(12):2831-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16317128/
24
25. Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Pachan M. A meta-analysis of after-school programs that seek to promote personal and social skills in children and adolescents. Am J Community Psychol 2010;45(3-4):294-309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20300825/
25
26. Bohnert AM, Aikins JW, Edidin J. The role of organized activities in facilitating social adaptation across the transition to college. J Adolesc Res 2007;22(2):189-208.
26
27. Uchiyama A, Odagiri Y, Ohya Y, Suzuki A, Hirohata K, Kosugi S, Shimomitsu T. Association of social skills with psychological distress among female nurses in Japan. Ind Health 2011;49(6):677-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22020011/
27
28. Tavakol M, Torabi S, Lyne OD, Zeinaloo AA. A quantitative survey of intern’s knowledge of communication skills: an Iranian exploration. BMC Med Educ 2005;5(1):6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15701163/
28
29. Federal ministry for economic cooperation and development. The situation in developing countries; Poor quality teaching section. Retrieved from: https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/Education/hintergrund/bildungsituation/index.html#:~:text=The%20quality%20of%20teaching%20is,needs%20of%20primary%20school%20pupils.
29
30. Bohnert A, Fredricks J, Randall E. Capturing unique dimensions of youth organized activity involvement: theoretical and methodological considerations. Rev Educ Res 2010;80(4):576-610.
30
31. Simaei S. Investigating the association of social skills and resilience with mental health. The First National Students Conference on Social Determinants of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Tehran 2010.
31
32. Hannah A, Lim BT, Ayers KM. Emotional intelligence and clinical interview performance of dental students. J Dent Educ 2009;73(9):1107-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19734253/
32
33. Howie LD, Lukacs SL, Pastor PN, Reuben CA, Mendola P. Participation in activities outside of school hours in relation to problem behavior and social skills in middle childhood. J Sch Health 2010;80(3):119-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20236413/
33
34. Moreno K. The impact of an afterschool program on youth’s social skills. A master’s thesis at California State University, Stanislaus 2014. Retrieved from Stanislaus ScholarWorks (Accession No. 011235813/762).
34
35. Randall ET, Bohnert AM. Organized activity involvement, depressive symptoms, and social adjustment in adolescents: ethnicity and socioeconomic status as moderators. J Youth Adolesc 2009;38(9):1187-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19669899/
35
36. Bohnert AM, Aikins JW, Arola NT. Regrouping: organized activity involvement and social adjustment across the transition to high school. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2013;2013(140):57-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23766096/
36
37. Pereira-Lima K, Loureiro SR. Burnout, anxiety, depression, and social skills in medical residents. Psychol Health Med 2015;20(3):353-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25030412/
37
38. Stewart KR, France CR, Rader AW, Stewart JC. Phlebotomist interpersonal skill predicts a reduction in reactions among volunteer blood donors. Transfusion 2006;46(8):1394-401. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16934077/
38
39. Riggio RE. Assessment of basic social skills. J Pers Soc Psychol 1986;51(3):649-60.
39
40. Horwitz IB, Horwitz SK, Brandt ML, Brunicardi FC, Scott BG, Awad SS. Assessment of communication skills of surgical residents using the Social Skills Inventory. Am J Surg 2007;194(3):401-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17693291/
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Patients Admitted to Referral Teaching Hospital and Comparison of Their Effects with Existing Standards
AbstractBackground: Proper nutrition is a basic requirement for all hospitalized patients, particularly critically ill patients who, for various reasons, are not able to maintain their nutritional status. Nutritional support is an essential component of care in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and it is commonly performed in two ways of enteral and parenteral nutrition. The present investigation aimed to investigate the nutritional status of this group of patients in comparison with existing standards.Methods: In this study, 50 critically ill patients receiving nutritional support (42 patients were on enteral nutrition and 8 on parenteral) in a referral teaching hospital of Iran were investigated. Each patient was assessed individually and nutritional requirements including calorie and protein were calculated based on age, sex, height, weight, and the stress and activity factors. The total daily energy and protein were compared to standard calculated values. T-test was used to evaluate the differences between separate groups and p Results: Data showed that 70% of patients in the enteral group did not receive enough calories while only 7% obtained the required protein. In the parenteral group, none of the patients received enough calories or protein. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that hospitalized ICU patients receive very poor nutritional support and greater attention should be paid to preventing possible malnutrition-related complications.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_119998_a9ef40beed59caa5b01f64628981a210.pdf
2020-07-01
131
138
Enteral nutrition
Intensive Care Unit
Nutritional support
Parenteral nutrition
Hossein
Afshari
afshari1458@gmail.com
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Shohrati
shohratimajid@yahoo.com
2
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Karim
Parastouei
parastouei@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
mahdimashhadi@yahoo.com
4
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Barker L, Gout B, Crowe T. Hospital malnutrition: prevalence, identification and impact on patients and the healthcare system. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(2):514-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21556200/
1
2. Pablo AR, Izaga MA, Alday LA. Assessment of nutritional status on hospital admission: nutritional scores. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57(7):824-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12821882/
2
3. Correia MI, Waitzberg DL. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin Nutr 2003;22(3):235-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12765661/
3
4. Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 2009;28(4):387-400. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19505748/
4
5. Parrish CR, McCray SF. Nutrition support for the mechanically ventilated patient. Crit Care Nurse 1999;19 (1):91-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10401295/
5
6. Wyszynski DF, Perman M, Crivelli A. Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Argentina: preliminary results of a population-based study. Nutrition 2003;19(2):115-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12591541/
6
7. Maday KR. Energy estimation in the critically ill: a literature review. Universal J Clinical Medicine 2013;1(3):39-43.
7
8. Kreymann K, Berger M, Deutz Ne, Hiesmayr M, Jolliet P, Kazandjiev G, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 2006;25(2):210-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16697087/
8
9. Alberda C, Gramlich L, Jones N, Jeejeebhoy K, Day AG, Dhaliwal R, et al. The relationship between nutritional intake and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients: results of an international multicenter observational study. Intensive Care Med 2009;35(10):1728-37. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19572118/
9
10. Heyland DK, Stephens KE, Day AG, McClave SA. The success of enteral nutrition and ICU-acquired infections: a multicenter observational study. Clin Nutr 2011;30(2):148-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20971534/
10
11. Bozzetti F. Parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 2019;66:101-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31254948/
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12. Chow R, Bruera E, Chiu L, Chow S, Chiu N, Lam H, et al. Enteral and parenteral nutrition in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med 2016;5(1):30-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26841813/
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13. Jeejeebhoy KN. Total parenteral nutrition: potion or poison?. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74(2):160-3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11470715/
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14. Scolapio JS. A review of the trends in the use of enteral and parenteral nutrition support. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38(5):403-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15100518/
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15. Hasselmann M, Kummerlen C. [Treatment of malnutrition: parenteral nutrition]. La Revue du Praticien 2003;53(3):287-92. French.
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16. Elke G, van Zanten AR, Lemieux M, McCall M, Jeejeebhoy KN, Kott M, et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 2016;20(1):117. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129307/
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17. Bairami S, Elyasi S, Khalili H, Jamali-Moghadam SR. Evaluation of parenteral nutritional support in the surgical and medical wards of a referral teaching hospital. Daru 2012;20(1):60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23351175/
17
18. Hejazi N, Mazloom Z, Zand F, Rezaianzadeh A, Amini A. Nutritional assessment in critically ill patients. Iran J Med Sci 2016;41(3):171-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27217600/
18
19. Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, Kumpf V, Petersen C, Sacks G, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004;28(6):S39-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15568296/
19
20. Mishamandani ZJ, Norouzy A, Hashemian SM, Khoundabi B, Rezaeisadrabadi M, Safarian M, et al. Nutritional status of patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit: A comprehensive report from Iranian hospitals, 2018. J Crit Care 2019;54:151-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446233/
20
21. Kimiaei-Asadi H, Tavakolitalab A. The assessment of the malnutrition in traumatic ICU patients in Iran. Electron Physician 2017;9(6):4689-93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28848649/
21
22. Mardani M, Seifi F, Ebrahimzadeh, F. [Nutritional assessment in hospitalized patients of orthopedic ward at hospital admission and discharge time in Shohadaye Ashayer hospital]. Yafte 2013;15(1):5-12. Persian.
22
23. Compher C, Cato R, Bader J, Kinosian B. Harris-Benedict equations do not adequately predict energy requirements in elderly hospitalized African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2004;96(2):209-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14977280/
23
24. Picolo MF, Lago AF, Menegueti MG, Nicolini EA, Basile-Filho A, Nunes AA, et al. Harris-Benedict equation and resting energy expenditure estimates in critically ill ventilator patients. Am J Crit Care 2016;25(1):e21-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724304/
24
25. Tsuei BJ, Magnuson B, Swintosky M, Flynn J, Boulanger BR, Ochoa JB, et al. Enteral nutrition in patients with an open peritoneal cavity. Nutr Clin Pract 2003;18(3):253-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16215046/
25
26. Waitzberg DL, Caiaffa WT, Correia MI. Hospital malnutrition: the Brazilian national survey (IBRANUTRI): a study of 4000 patients. Nutrition 2001;17(7-8):573-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11448575/
26
27. Sehgal IS, Singh N. Nutritional management in the intensive care unit. World Clin Pulm Crit Care Med. 2015;4(2):138-56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14979334/
27
28. Slone DS. Nutritional support of the critically ill and injured patient. Crit Care Clin 2004;20(1):135-57.
28
29. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, Drover JW. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1998;280(23):2013-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9863853/
29
30. Shayesteh F, Poudineh S, Pouryazdanpanah-Kermani M, Sadat Ayoudi S, Norouzy A. Assessment of nutritional intake in intensive care unit patients of Ghaem hospital. Med J Mashhad Univ of Med Sci 2015;58(4):217-24.
30
31. Boullata JI, Gilbert K, Sacks G, Labossiere RJ, Crill C, Goday P, et al. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. ASPEN clinical guidelines: parenteral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling, and dispensing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014;38(3):334-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24531708/
31
32. Koda-Kimble MA. Koda-Kimble and Young’s applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
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33. Waitzberg DL, Caiaffa WT, Correia MI. Hospital malnutrition: the Brazilian national survey (IBRANUTRI): a study of 4000 patients. Nutrition 2001;17(7-8):573-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11448575/
33
34. Martins CP, Correia JR, do Amaral TF. Undernutrition risk screening and length of stay of hospitalized elderly. J Nutrition Elderly 2006;25(2):5-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17182464/
34
35. Kyle UG, Pirlich M, Lochs H, Schuetz T, Pichard C. Increased length of hospital stay in underweight and overweight patients at hospital admission: a controlled population study. Clin Nutr 2005;24(1):133-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15681111/
35
36. Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J. A metaanalysis of treatment outcomes of early enteral versus early parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33(1):213-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15644672/
36
37. Kraft M, Gärtner S, Simon P, Kraft K, Schüler N, Krüger J, et al. Quality control of parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients. Nutrition 2014;30(2):165-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24269368/
37
38. Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, Morrison T, Sibbald WJ. Multicentre, cluster-randomized clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). CMAJ 2004;170(2):197-204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734433/
38
39. Wøien H, Bjørk IT. Nutrition of the critically ill patient and effects of implementing a nutritional support algorithm in ICU. J Clin Nurs 2006;15(2):168-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16422734/
39
40. Ventura AM, Waitzberg DL. Enteral nutrition protocols for critically ill patients: are they necessary?. Nutr Clin Pract 2015;30(3):351-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249598/
40
41. Labadarios D. Malnutrition in hospitals often unrecognized and invariably neglected. S Am J Clin Nutr 1998;88:73.
41
42. Singh H, Watt K, Veitch R, Cantor M, Duerksen DR. Malnutrition is prevalent in hospitalized medical patients: are housestaff identifying the malnourished patient?. Nutrition 2006;22(4):350-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16457988/
42
43. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause’s Food & the Nutrition Care Process, Mea Edition. 1st edition. Elsevier; 2017.1152 p.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Mothers’ Psycho-education on Tendency to Indirect Self-Destructive Behavior Among Female Adolescents Attempting Suicide
Abstract Background: Indirect self-destructive behaviors have attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years. This study explored the effectiveness of mothers’ psycho-education in reducing indirect self-destructive behaviors in suicidal female adolescents.Methods: Totally, 42 Iranian girls aged 12-17 years who attempted suicide during the period of September 2014 till March 2015 and their mothers were selected from pediatric emergency ward of Nemazee Hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and randomly divided into experimental (n=21) and control (n=21) groups. Both groups received the usual psychiatric treatment and a psycho-educational program was arranged for mothers of experimental group. The psycho-educational program consisted of four 45-min sessions held for two weeks. The Chronic Self-Destructive Scale (CSDS) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (Parent and self-report forms) were used to assess subjects’ indirect self-destructive behaviors and emotional and behavioral problems at baseline, post-test, and 3 months later.Results: The scores of CSDS and SDQ (Parent and self-report) decreased significantly during the trial (p <0.001). The trend of decrease in the two groups was statistically significant (p <0.001). Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significantly reduced mean score in CSDS and SDQ in self and parent report both in post-test and after 3 months’ follow-up.Conclusion: These results suggest that psycho-educational intervention for mothers can reduce the tendency to indirect self-destructive behaviors in Iranian female adolescents who had attempted suicide.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_120000_871460cd9c10f7ef4e3296cc3ad7495b.pdf
2020-07-01
139
147
Attempted
Psychotherapy Self-injurious behavior
Suicide
Arash
Mani
mania@sums.ac.ir
1
Substance Abuse Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahshid
Rahimi
rahimi.mahshid@gmail.com
2
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Ali
Dastgheib
adastgheib@sums.ac.ir
3
Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavior Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Elnaz
Chohedri
elnaz_chohedri@yahoo.com
4
Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavior Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Kerr PL, Muehlenkamp JJ, Turner JM: Nonsuicidal self-injury: a review of current research for family medicine and primary care physicians. J Am Board Fam Med 2010;23(2):240-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20207935/
1
2. Selby EA, Bender TW, Gordon KH, Nock MK, Joiner TE, Jr. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: a preliminary study. Personal Disord 2012;3(2):167-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22452757/
2
3. Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Tsirigotis-Woloszczak M. Indirect (chronic) self-destructiveness and modes of suicide attempts. Arch Med Sci 2010;6(1):111-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371730/
3
4. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
4
5. Baumeister RF, Scher SJ. Self-defeating behavior patterns among normal individuals: review and analysis of common self-destructive tendencies. Psychol Bull 1988;104(1):3-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3043527/
5
6. Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Lewik-Tsirigotis M. Manifestations of indirect self-destructiveness and methods of suicide attempts. Psychiatr Q 2013;84(2):197-208. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23054261/
6
7. Nock MK. Self-injury. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2010;6:339-63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20192787/
7
8. Amitai M, Apter A. Social aspects of suicidal behavior and prevention in early life: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012;9(3):985-94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22690178/
8
9. Blumenthal SJ, Kupfer DJ. Suicide over the life cycle: Risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients. American Psychiatric Pub; 1990. 828 p.
9
10. Seghatoleslam T, Rezaee Mirghaed O, Sajadfar F, Sadr S, Zahiroddine A. A study on psycho-social factors related to children’s suicide. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2010;12(6):660-3.
10
11. Gledhill J, Hodes M. Depression and suicidal behaviour in children and adolescents. Psychiatry 2008; 7:335-9.
11
12.Lukens EP, McFarlane WR. Psycho-education as Evidence-Based Practice: Considerations for Practice, Research, and Policy. In A. R. Roberts & K. R. Yeager (Eds.), Foundations of evidence-based social work practice (p. 291–313). Oxford University Press.
12
13. Shin SK, Lukens EP. Effects of psycho-education for Korean Americans with chronic mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53(9):1125-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12221311/
13
14. Ghanizadeh A, Izadpanah A, Abdollahi G. Scale validation of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Iranian children. Iran J Psychiatry 2007;2(2):65-71.
14
15. Mousavi AS, Azadfalah P, Dehghani M, Farhani H. Prediction of self-destruction based on depression symptoms, internalized self-criticism, shame and guilt. Int J Behav Sci 2016;10(2):57-62.
15
16. Daniel SS, Goldston DB. Interventions for suicidal youth: a review of the literature and developmental considerations. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2009;39(3):252-68. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19606918/
16
17. Geist R, Heinmaa M, Stephens D, Davis R, Katzman DK. Comparison of family therapy and family group psycho-education in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45(2):173-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10742877/
17
18. Shimazu K, Shimodera S, Mino Y, Nishida A, Kamimura N, Sawada K,et al. Family psycho-education for major depression: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198(5):385-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343330/
18
19. Prost E, Musisi S, Okello ES, Hopman WM. The role of psycho-education in improving outcome at a general hospital psychiatry clinic in Uganda. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg) 2013;16(4):264-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24051565/
19
20. Ozkan B, Erdem E, Demirel Ozsoy S, Zararsiz G. Effect of psycho-education and telepsychiatric follow up given to the caregiver of the schizophrenic patient on family burden, depression and expression of emotion. Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(5):1122-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24353704/
20
21. Suzuki M, Yamada A, Watanabe N, Akechi T, Katsuki F, Nishiyama T, et al. A failure to confirm the effectiveness of a brief group psychoeducational program for mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:1141-53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061301/
21
22. Terzian MA, Andrews KM, Moore KA. Preventing multiple risky behaviors among adolescents: Seven strategies. Child Trends 2011:2011-2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23739312/
22
23. Tursi MF, Baes C, Camacho FR, Tofoli SM, Juruena MF. Effectiveness of psycho-education for depression: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013;47(11):1019-31.
23
24. Aydin A. [Parental involvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2014;25(3):181-9. Turkish.
24
25. Ong SH, Caron A. Family-based psycho-education for children and adolescents with mood disorders. J Child Family Studies 2008;17(6):809-22.
25
26. Lucksted A, McFarlane W, Downing D, Dixon L. Recent developments in family psycho-education as an evidence-based practice. J Marital Fam Ther 2012;38(1):101-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22283383/
26
27. Consoli A, Peyre H, Speranza M, Hassler C, Falissard B, Touchette E, et al. Suicidal behaviors in depressed adolescents: role of perceived relationships in the family. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013;7(1):8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23497551/
27
28. DeVore ER, Ginsburg KR. The protective effects of good parenting on adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 2005;17(4):460-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16012256/
28
29. Baumeister RF. Esteem threat, self-regulatory breakdown, and emotional distress as factors in self-defeating behavior. Review of General Psychology 1997;1:145.
29
30. Puskar K, Hoover C, Miewald C. Suicidal and nonsuicidal coping methods of adolescents. Perspect Psychiatr Care 1992;28(2):15-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1584631/
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Prevalence of Personality Disorders in Patients with HIV Infection Referred to Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
AbstractBackground: HIV infection affects all aspects of life, including physical, psychological, social, and even spiritual. Personality disorders can also contribute to the disease through high-risk behaviors and recognizing them could be beneficial in designing programs to prevent HIV in the community. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of personality disorders in patients with HIV infection.Methods: Totally, 100 HIV-infected patients who were registered and treated at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran were recruited. Subjects were assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) called the Mini-Mult and the demographic questionnaire. SPSS software (Version 22) was used to analyze the data.Results: Based on the scales for hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, antisocial personality disorders, paranoid personality disorder, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and mania, 40, 5, 25, 23.3, 18.3, 28.3, 28.3, and 8.3% of patients had scores above 70, respectively. The highest prevalence of personality disorder with T scores above 70 belongs to hypochondriasis with a prevalence of 40% and the lowest prevalence of personality disorders with T scores above 70 belongs to depression (5%).Conclusion:The findings indicate that the prevalence of personality disorders in people living with HIV (PLWH) is higher than the general population with the highest prevalence for hypochondriasis and the lowest prevalence for depression. Therefore, future policies are better to consider such personality disorders in formulating programs and interventions to improve HIV care and treatment.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_120002_40367a2a3d554fb1f3b194b43d16c546.pdf
2020-07-01
148
153
HIV/AIDS
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Personality disorder
SeyedAhmad
SeyedAlinaghi
s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com
1
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Asadollahi-Amin
amiyaneh@gmail.com
2
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas
Boosiraz
bahramiab34@gmail.com
3
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Parvin
Mirzaei
4
Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Razieh
Rahimi
5
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Leila
Taj
6
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Dadras
omiddadras@yahoo.com
7
Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
AUTHOR
Alireza
Barzegary
8
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Najafi Z, Taj L, Dadras O, Ghadimi F, Moradmand B, SeyedAlinaghi SA. Epidemiology of HIV in Iran. Curr HIV Res 2020;18(4):228-236.
1
2. SeyedAlinaghi S, Foroghi M. Psychosocial problems in people living with HIV / AIDS. Osaneh 2011
2
3. Javanmard GH. Psychopathology 2. Tehran: Payamenoor University Publication; 2008. Persian.
3
4. Mehraeen E, Safdari R, SeyedAlinaghi S, Noori T, Kahouei M, Soltani-Kermanshahi M. A mobile-based self-management application-usability evaluation from the perspective of HIV-positive people. Health Policy Technology 2020;9(3):294-301.
4
5. Tabrizi GH, Vatankhah M, Tabrizi S. [Evaluation of personality disorders in patients with AIDS with a pattern of high-risk behaviors]. Khoon (Blood) 2009;6(4):292-300. Persian.
5
6. Mirzamani SM, Besharat MA. [A study of the validity scales of persian form of MMPI (short form)]. J Psychology Education 2001-2002;31(2):79-97. Persian.
6
7. Perkins D, Davidson EJ, Leserman J, Liao D, Evans DL. Personality disorder in patients infected with HIV: a controlled study with implications for clinical care. Am J Psychiatry 1993 Feb;150 (2):309-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8422083/
7
8. Benthin A, Slovic P, Severson H. A psychometric study of adolescent risk perception. J Adolescence 1993;16(2):153-68. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8376640/
8
9. Paydary K, Torabi SM, SeyedAlinaghi SA, Noori M, Noroozi A, Ameri S, et al. Impulsivity, sensation seeking, and risk-taking behaviors among HIV-positive and HIV-negative heroin dependent persons. AIDS Res Treat 2016;2016:5323256. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27051528/
9
10. Shakeri J, Sadeghi Kh. Prevalence of Personality Disorders among the Hospitalized Patients at an Educational-Treatment Center in Kermanshah. IJPCP 2002;8(1):49-56.
10
11. Nouri H, Zarrinfar N, Salehi B. [Investigating the relationship between personality dimensions and AIDS in patients with HIV/AIDS]. Arak J 2014.
11
12. Heydari M. Relationship between resilience and mental disorders in AIDS patients in Bandar Abbas. 2018
12
13. Simoni JM, Safren SA, Manhart LE, Lyda K, Grossman CI, Rao D, et al. Challenges in addressing depression in HIV research: assessment, cultural context, and methods. AIDS Behav 2011;15(2):376-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21046221/
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Coronary Complications of Kawasaki Disease: Novel Diagnosis Based on Z-score and Absolute Dimension
AbstractBackground: Kawasaki Disease or KD (also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is an acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. Regarding serious coronary complications of the disease, the coronary effects and consequences of the disease in KD diagnosed children were investigated at Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital of Zanjan during 2013 to 2017.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 40 diagnosed cases of KD were evaluated from 2013 to 2017. At the time of diagnosis and 2 to 4 years later, the necessary measures were taken to check cardiovascular complications. After documenting informed consent, the patients underwent follow up echocardiography and electrocardiography. The data analysis was performed by statistical software, SPSS-18.Results: Totally,21 patients participated in the follow up. The results were analyzed and compared based on coronary artery dimension and Z-score reference values. Next, left coronary artery size was calculated in primary echocardiography based on Z-score in terms of body surface area. In primary echocardiography, Left Coronary Artery (LCA) size was within the reference range in 36 patients (90%) and abnormalities were observed in 4 patients (10%). In the follow up echocardiography, 21 patients revisited (2 of the 4 patients with abnormal findings) and all of them were reported to be within the reference range (p=0.02). Regarding Right Coronary Artery (RCA), findings from primary echocardiography were normal in 38 patients (95%) and abnormal in 2 patients (5%), and based on follow up echocardiography, RCA sizes of all patients were in reference range (p=0.15).Interestingly, 2 patients were within the normal range based on coronary artery dimension, but were included in the dilation range using the Z-score; also, 2 patients who were in the dilated coronary artery range measured by the coronary artery dimension criterion, were included in the normal range by the Z-score.Conclusion: To prevent missed diagnosis and further complications, it is recommended to use standard Z-score based on body surface area to diagnose coronary artery aneurysm in addition to merely measuring the diameter of the vessels.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_120006_14353493a9f7012092fa233b320c41cc.pdf
2020-07-01
154
162
CORONARY ANEURYSM
echocardiography
Kawasaki disease
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
Pasha
Mosaed
pasha_viuna@yahoo.com
1
Department of Pediatrics, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Akefeh
Ahmadiafshar
akefeh45@zums.ac.ir
2
Department of Pediatrics, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Ali Naghi
Kazemi
3
Department of Pediatrics, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Javad
Hajkazemi
4
Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Lotfi
5
Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
mahdi
hosseini
hosseini.mahdi@zums.ac.ir
6
Department of Pediatrics, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Chang LY, Chang IS, Lu CY, Chiang BL, Lee CY, Chen PJ, et al. Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Taiwan, 1996-2002. Pediatrics 2004;114(6):e678-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15574600/
1
2. Wu MH, Lin MT, Chen HC, Kao FY, Huang SK. Postnatal risk of acquiring Kawasaki disease: A nationwide birth cohort database study. J Pediatr 2017;180:80-6.e2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27817879/
2
3. Burns JC, Glode MP. Kawasaki syndrome. Lancet (London, England) 2004;364(9433):533-44. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302199/
3
4. McCrindle BW, Li JS, Minich LL, Colan SD, Atz AM, Takahashi M, et al. Coronary artery involvement in children with Kawasaki disease: risk factors from analysis of serial normalized measurements. Circulation 2007;116(2):174-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576863/
4
5. Ramphul K, Mejias SG. Kawasaki disease: a comprehensive review. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 2018;3:e41-e5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30775588/
5
6. Terai M, Shulman ST. Prevalence of coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease is highly dependent on gamma globulin dose but independent of salicylate dose. J Pediatr 1997;131(6):888-93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9427895/
6
7. Melish ME, Hicks RM, Larson EJ. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the United States. American journal of diseases of children (1960). American J Dis Children1976;130(6):599-607. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7134/
7
8. Amirimoghadam Z, Molaee S, Reza zadeh M, Ghaneei Z, Babaei haidar abadi A, Hemati R. Assessment heart involvement in patients with Kawasaki disease. SJIMU 2013;21(1):129-34.
8
9. McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, Burns JC, Bolger AF, Gewitz M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: A scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;135(17):e927-e99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28356445/
9
10. Ayusawa M, Sonobe T, Uemura S, Ogawa S, Nakamura Y, Kiyosawa N, et al. Revision of diagnostic guidelines for Kawasaki disease (the 5th revised edition). Pediatr Int 2005;47(2):232-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771703/
10
11. Sabharwal T, Manlhiot C, Benseler SM, Tyrrell PN, Chahal N, Yeung RS, et al. Comparison of factors associated with coronary artery dilation only versus coronary artery aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol 2009;104(12):1743-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19962487/
11
12. Harada K. Intravenous gamma-globulin treatment in Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1991;33(6):805-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1801561/
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13. Hedrich CM, Schnabel A, Hospach T. Kawasaki disease. Front Pediatr 2018;6:198. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30042935/
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14. Kuo HC. Preventing coronary artery lesions in kawasaki disease. Biomed J 2017;40(3):141-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28651735/
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15. Wolff AE, Hansen KE, Zakowski L. Acute kawasaki disease: not just for kids. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22(5):681-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17443379/
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16. Gedalia A. Kawasaki disease: 40 years after the original report. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9(4):336-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17688844/
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17. Yanagawa H, Kawasaki T, Shigematsu I. Nationwide survey on Kawasaki disease in Japan. Pediatrics 1987;80(1):58-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3601519/
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18. Kato H, Sugimura T, Akagi T, Sato N, Hashino K, Maeno Y, et al. Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease. A 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients. Circulation 1996;94(6):1379-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8822996/
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19. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Burns JC, Beiser AS, Chung KJ, Duffy CE, et al. The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 1986;315(6):341-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2426590/
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20. Newburger JW. Treatment of Kawasaki disease. Lancet (London, England) 1996;347(9009):1128. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8609740/
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21. Moussa T, Wagner-Weiner L. Kawasaki disease: Beyond IVIG and aspirin. Pediatr Ann 2019;48(10):e400-e5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31609999/
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22. de La Harpe M, di Bernardo S, Hofer M, Sekarski N. Thirty years of Kawasaki disease: A single-center study at the University Hospital of Lausanne. Frontiers Pediatr 2019;7:11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30761279/
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23. Holman RC, Curns AT, Belay ED, Steiner CA, Schonberger LB. Kawasaki syndrome hospitalizations in the United States, 1997 and 2000. Pediatrics 2003;112(3 Pt 1):495-501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12949272/
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24. Mosaiebi Z, Movahedian AH, Heidarzadeh-Arani M, Hojati M, Mousavi GA. Evaluation of clinical and paraclinical findings of Kawazaki patients among children admitted in Kashan Shahid Beheshti hospital during 1998-2008. Feyz J 2010;14(3):249-55.
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25. Huang WC, Huang LM, Chang IS, Chang LY, Chiang BL, Chen PJ, et al. Epidemiologic features of kawasaki disease in Taiwan, 2003-2006. Pediatrics 2009;123(3):e401-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19237439/
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26. Shamsizadeh A, Ziaei Kajbaf T, Razavi M, Cheraghian B. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of kawasaki disease. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014;7(8):e11014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25485046/
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27. Manlhiot C, Christie E, McCrindle BW, Rosenberg H, Chahal N, Yeung RS. Complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease: two sides of the same coin. Eur J Pediatr 2012;171(4):657-62. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22134803/
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28. Hurwitz RA, Treves S, Kuruc A. Right ventricular and left ventricular ejection fraction in pediatric patients with normal hearts: first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography. Am Heart J 1984;107(4):726-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6702566/
28
29. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 2004;110(17):2747-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505111/
29
30. A’rabi Moghadam MY, Meraji SM, Sayadpour K. Study of cardial involvement prevalence in 61 pediatric cases of Kawasaki disease. Razi J Med Sci 2004;11(41):361-5.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Object Relations and Vulnerability to Substance Abuse Relapse among Addicts Visiting Narcotics Anonymous Centers in Qom City, 2018
AbstractBackground: Substance abuse is a chronic disorder that has been a major social problem in most countries in recent decades. This study aimed to investigate the object relations and vulnerability to substance abuse relapse among addicts visiting Narcotics Anonymous Centers.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 385 addicts who visited Narcotics Anonymous Centers in Qom city were entered. A demographic questionnaire, Timeline Followback Interview, and Bell Object Relations Inventory were used to gather the required data and SPSS-21 was used to analyze the data. Results: In general, 61.5 and 92.2 percent of participants were married and employed, respectively. There was a significant positive relationship between subscales of alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity (p < 0.001), and vulnerability to substance relapse. Conclusion: According to findings, it seems that patterns of relation with initial objects and damages incurred by failure in objects-driven need expressions may have deep effects on people’s future life trajectories, mainly substance abuse and its relapse.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_120009_b88802f4e2ae5f2a4d284c014aead23d.pdf
2020-07-01
163
167
Narcotics
Object relations
Substance-related disorders
Mohammad
Khademi
javad.khademi66@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nader
Monirpoor
n.monirpoor@yahoo.com
2
Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeynab
Ebrahimi
z.ebrahimi@yahoo.com
3
Department of Psychology and Exceptional Children Education, Faculty of Psychology and educations, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Rashedi
vahidrashedi@yahoo.com
4
School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Delavarpoor MA, Soltani M, Hosseinchari M. Prediction of recovery or relapse from substance abuse based on the emotional intelligence and religious coping. Iranian J Psychiatry Clinical Psychology 2008;14(3):307-15.
1
2. Mirzaei T, Ravary A, Hanifi N, Miri S, Oskouie F, Mirzaei Khalil Abadi S. Addicts’ perspectives about factors associated with substance abuse relapse. Iran J Nursing 2010;23(67):49-58.
2
3. Drake RE, Wallach MA, McGovern MP. Special section on relapse prevention: Future directions in preventing relapse to substance abuse among clients with severe mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services 2005;56(10):1297-302.
3
4. Clarke P, Myers J. Developmental counseling and therapy: A promising intervention for preventing relapse with substance-abusing clients. J Mental Health Counseling 2012;34(4):308-21.
4
5. Pearlman E. Terror of desire: The etiology of eating disorders from an attachment theory perspective. The Psychoanal Rev 2005;92(2):223-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15843311/
5
6. De Paula Ramos S. What can we learn from psychoanalysis and prospective studies about chemically dependent patients? International J Psychoanalysis 2004;85(2):467-87. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142295/
6
7. Hyman SM, Paliwal P, Chaplin TM, Mazure CM, Rounsaville BJ, Sinha R. Severity of childhood trauma is predictive of cocaine relapse outcomes in women but not men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;92(1-3):208-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17900822/
7
8. Sobell MB, Sobell LC, Klajner F, Pavan D, Basian E. The reliability of a timeline method for assessing normal drinker college students’ recent drinking history: Utility for alcohol research. Addictive Behav 1986;11(2):149-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3739800/
8
9. Khademi MJ, Monirpoor N. Validation of relapse timeline followback interview among Narcotics Anonymous clients. J Kermanshah University Medical Sciences 2015;19(4):191-6.
9
10. Bell M, Billington R, Becker B. A scale for the assessment of object relations: Reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. J Clinical Psychology 1986;42(5):733-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3760204/
10
11. Farley M, Golding JM, Young G, Mulligan M, Minkoff JR. Trauma history and relapse probability among patients seeking substance abuse treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2004;27(2):161-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15450649/
11
12. Simons L, Ducette J, Kirby KC, Stahler G, Shipley Jr TE. Childhood trauma, avoidance coping, and alcohol and other drug use among women in residential and outpatient treatment programs. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2003;21(4):37-54.
12
13. McMahon RC. Personality, stress, and social support in cocaine relapse prediction. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001;21(2):77-87. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11551736/
13
14. Doumas DM, Blasey CM, Mitchell S. Adult attachment, emotional distress, and interpersonal problems in alcohol and drug dependency treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2007;24(4):41-54.
14
15. Walton MA, Blow FC, Bingham CR, Chermack ST. Individual and social/environmental predictors of alcohol and drug use 2 years following substance abuse treatment. Addict Behav 2003;28(4):627-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12726780/
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Affecting the Academic Failure of Pharmacy Students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
AbstractBackground: One of the major problems in educational systems is academic failure in students’ education during their course of study. The lack of control of this decline, especially in medical sciences, leads to a decrease in the scientific level and the efficiency of medical students. This study aimed to determine the main causes of academic failure among pharmacy students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 85 students were selected randomly in the School of Pharmacy at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. A valid and reliable questionnaire of students’ demographic and educational information and their opinions about the factors related to academic failure, including family, student, teacher, educational environment, educational content, and socio-economic factors were collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation, and student T tests.Results: The total rate of academic failure in the studied population was 9.66%. Also, the rate in non-quota students, regional quota students, in males and females were 20, 6.92, 51.16, and 48.84%, respectively. The main causes of academic failure were educational content, teacher, student, educational environment, family, social factors, and economic factors, respectively from the viewpoint of the students.Conclusion: This study showed that the first factor of academic failure in pharmacy education based on the opinion of students is about the content of pharmacy education. The educational system in comparison to the community and family is a more effective factor in academic failure.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_120010_1732902073d2982eabbb87fcbf9a4dbd.pdf
2020-07-01
168
174
academic failure
Pharmacy education
Pharmacy Students
Mohsen
Minaiyan
minaiyan@pharm.mui.ac.ir
1
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
mahdimashhadi@yahoo.com
2
Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Safieh
Aghaabdollahian
aghaabdollahian@mailfa.com
3
Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahdi
Bagheri
mahdibagheri2020@mailfa.com
4
Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Alikhani Sh, Markazi Moghaddam N, Zand Begleh M, Boroumand S. Evaluation of influencing factors of educational decline of nursing students of Army University of Medical Sciences between 1380 and 1383. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research 2006;4(4):819-24.
1
2. McGregor A. Academic success, clinical failure: Struggling practices of a failing student. J Nurs Educ 2007;46(11):504-11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18019108/
2
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3
4. Hazavehei SMM, Fathi Y, Shamshirei M. [Study on the causes of students academic probation in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 2001-2002]. Strides in Development of Medical Education 2006;3(1):33-42. Persian.
4
5. Shams B, Farshidfard M, Hassanzadeh A. Effect of counseling on the achievement of university students with dropout. Iranian J Medical Education 2000;1(1):36-41.
5
6. Meilman PW, Pattis JA, Kruas-Zeilmann D. Suicide attempts and threats on one college campus: policy and practice. J Am Coll Health 1994;42(4):147-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8132937/
6
7. Motlagh ME, Elhampour H, Shakurnia A. Factors affecting students academic failure in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2005. Iranian J Medical Education 2008;8(1):91-9.
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12. Closson LM, Boutilier RR. Perfectionism, academic engagement, and procrastination among undergraduates: The moderating role of honors student status. Learning and Individual Differences 2017;57:157-62.
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13. Deb S, Strodl E, Sun J. Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian high school students. Int J Psychology Behavioral Sciences 2015;5(1):26-34.
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14. Safdari Dehcheshmeh F, Delaram M, Parvin N, Kheiri S, Forouzandeh N, Kazemian A. The viewpoints of students and educators, in faculty of nursing and midwifery of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, about the effective factors in academic improvement of students, 2004. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci 2007;9(3):71-7.
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15. Mostafavi SA, Ramezanloo P, Asgari N. Pharmacy students’ reasons for choosing pharmacy as a career and changes in their motivation during the course. J Medical Education Development 2013;5(9):33-42.
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16. Minaiyan M, Teimouri M, Ghorbani A. Internal assessment of pharmacy curriculum in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences school in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences within 2008-2009. Iranian J Medical Education 2011;10(5):614-24.
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17. Keshishian F, Barrett PB. Pharmacy students’ perceptions of their curriculum and profession: implications for pharmacy education. Pharmacy Education 2011;11.
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22. Ranjbari K. Evaluating opinions of recent 10 years pharmacy graduates working in pharmacies in Tehran and Tabriz regarding the effectiveness of Iranian educational system for the purposes of pharmacists career. 2020; A dissertation submitted for pharm D degree; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy.
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23. Donaldson MI. Teaching and Learning from Mistakes: Teachers’ Responses to Student Mistakes in the Kindergarten Classroom. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Graduate School of Education. 2017.
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24. Leu E. The Role of Teachers, Schools, and Communities in Quality Education: A Review of the Literature. Academy for Educational Development.2005.
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25. Moradi Dirin M, Verdi M, Delkhah H, Tabrizian K, Izadpanah F. Impact of Pharmacy Training Software, on pharmacy students’ knowledge in Zabol University of Medical Sciences and their opinion about it. Iranian J Medical Education 2013;12(12):925-34.
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26. McDonough RP, Bennett MS. Improving communication skills of pharmacy students through effective precepting. Am J Pharm Educ 2006;70(3):58. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136179/
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