ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Equity in Access to Coronavirus Vaccination; An Ethical, Scientific and Economic Rationale
http://www.jimc.ir/article_124953_c0d027c8627b5bcdbf96d12bb54eec00.pdf
2020-10-01
175
176
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5186
Non
Ahmad
Shamabadi
1
Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahin
Akhondzadeh
s.akhond@tums.ac.ir
2
Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
1. World Health Organization. COVID-19 Weekly epidemiological update - 29 December 2020.
2
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3
3. Mullard A. How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world. Nature News 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33257891/
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4. Will Low-Income Countries Be Left Behind When COVID-19 Vaccines Arrive? DUKE GLOBAL HEALTH INSTITUTE. 2020. https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/will-low-income-countries-be-left-behind-when-covid-19-vaccines-arrive (accessed December 31, 2020).
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5. Bhatt J, Ahmed S. Why you have to wear a mask for a few months after you get your COVID-19 vaccine. December 25, 2020. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wear-mask-covid-19-vaccine/story?id=74858114 (accessed December 31, 2020).
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6. Hassoun N. How to Distribute a COVID-19 Vaccine Ethically. Scientific American. September 25, 2020. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-distribute-a-covid-19-vaccine-ethically (accessed December 31, 2020).
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7. Chesak J. Report: Rich Countries Are Buying Up COVID-19 Vaccines, Leaving Shortages. Verywell Health. December 29, 2020. https://www.verywellhealth.com/covid-19-vaccine-distribution-rich-countries-buying-up-doses-5089993 (accessed December 31, 2020).
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Associated with COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality: A Narrative Review
AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has been declared as a pandemic on March 11th 2020 by the WHO. Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 has been shown to be high among patients with underlying diseases. In this narrative review, searching a number of electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct), 127 related articles written in English were retrieved and of which 73 articles related to risk factors affecting morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 were extracted and summarized. Factors such as old age, male gender and working in health setting were associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Hypertension was the most frequent reported condition among those with severe disease. It also appeared to increase the mortality and duration of hospitalization. Diabetes, respiratory chronic illnesses (COPD, asthma), impaired liver and renal function, and malignancies were also mentioned as the risk factors for severe disease, longer hospitalization, poor prognosis and outcome. Some laboratory findings such as elevated D-dimer, CRP, and LDH as well as severe lymphopenia were associated with severity, mortality and poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. All in all, a considerable number of comorbidities and biomarkers are associated with severity and presentations of COVID-19 disease, affecting its morbidity and mortality rates.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_124961_a669764c270edb5eae0dfedde4e3cf45.pdf
2020-10-01
177
186
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5188
Keywords: COVID-19
Morbidity
mortality
risk factors
SARS-CoV-2
Omid
Dadras
omiddadras@yahoo.com
1
Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
AUTHOR
Nazanin
Shahrokhnia
2
Graduate School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sarina
Borran
3
Graduate School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Asadollahi-Amin
amiyaneh@gmail.com
4
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
SeyedAhmad
SeyedAlinaghi
s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com
5
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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50. Muniyappa R, Gubbi S. COVID-19 pandemic, corona viruses, and diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020;318(5):E736-E741. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32228322/
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63. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F-SJTLG, Hepatology. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5(5):428-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145190/
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69
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Level of Adherence to GOLD Guidelines for Management of Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Is There a Difference Between Patient Management in Different Hospital Wards?
AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of GOLD guideline in patients with an acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, all patients with COPD exacerbation referred to Shariati hospital from January 2014 to March 2015 were investigated. The level of adherence to GOLD guideline in three areas of hospital admission, therapeutic components of inpatient management (pharmacologic treatments, respiratory support) and discharge plan was assessed via reviewing patients’ medical profile. Each subject was classified as complete, non-complete and not evaluated in terms of adherence to the guideline.Results: In this study, 125 patients with mean age of 67.64±1.71 years including 100 (80%) males were studied. Also, 104 and 21 patients were hospitalized in pulmonology and general medicine wards, respectively. In the present study, the adherence to GOLD recommendations for hospital admission, pharmacologic treatment and non-pharmacologic management were 92, 97.6 and 44.2%, respectively. Despite the high level of adherence to pharmacologic management, total adherence to non-pharmacologic interventions was poor.Conclusion: Although high level of adherence to pharmacological management of COPD was observed, there was overtreatment particularly in case of antibiotics prescription. In addition, non-pharmacological management was not considered in over half of the patients.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125048_c15bb58a22532b1afb22e2877cf69977.pdf
2020-10-01
187
192
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5189
Keywords: Anti-bacterial agents
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Hospitalization
Humans
Omolbanin
Paknejad
o.paknejad@gmail.com
1
Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Akram
Shiri
akramshiri66@yahoo.com
2
Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zeinab
Naderpour
z-naderpour@tums.ac.ir
3
Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Raherison C, Girodet PO. Epidemiology of COPD. Eur Respir Rev 2009;18(114):213-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20956146/
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2. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006;3(11):e442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17132052/
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3. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TAR. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet 2007;
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370(9589):786-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134993/
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7. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PM, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS GOLD Scientific Committee. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163(5):1256-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11316667/
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8. Lodewijckx C, Sermeus W, Vanhaecht K, Panella M, Deneckere S, Leiqheb F, et al. Inhospital management of COPD exacerbations: a systematic review of the literature with regard to adherence to international guidelines. J Eval Clin Pract 2009;15(6):1101-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20367712/
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9. Desalu OO, Onyedum CC, Adeoti AO, Gundiri LB, Fadare JO, Adekeye KA, et al. Guideline-based COPD management in a resource-limited setting—physicians’ understanding, adherence and barriers: a cross-sectional survey of internal and family medicine hospital-based physicians in Nigeria. Prim Care Respir J 2013;22(1):79-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23443222/
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12. Harvey PA, Murphy MC, Dornom E, Berlowitz DJ, Lim WK, Jackson B. Implementing evidence-based guidelines: inpatient management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern Med J 2005;35(3):151-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737134/
13
13. `Cydulka RK, Rowe BH, Clark S, Emerman CL, Camargo Jr CA, MARC Investigators. Emergency department management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly: the Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(7):908-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12834509/
14
14. Ong S, Nakase J, Moran GJ, Karras DJ, Kuehnert MJ, Talan DA, et al. Antibiotic use for emergency department patients with upper respiratory infections: prescribing practices, patient expectations, and patient satisfaction. Ann Emerg Med 2007;50(3):213-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17467120/
15
15. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD (GOLD). 2017.
16
16. Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Binqisser R, Bodmer M, Briel M, Drescher T, et al. Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(21):2223-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23695200/
17
17. Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, Ramos RM, Satterwhite L, Krishnan JA, et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185(2):152-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22016446/
18
18. Lacasse, Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, Martin S. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4(4):CD003793. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17054186/
19
19. Scanlon PD, Connett JE. Waller LA, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, et al. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161(2):381-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10673175/
20
20. Fiore A, Shay DK, Broder K, Iskander JK, Uyeki TM, Mootrey G, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009;58(RR-8):1-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19644442/
21
21. Perez X, Wisnivesky JP, Lurslurchacha L, Kleinman LC, Kronish IM. Barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines among primary care providers. Respir Med 2012;106(3):374-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22000501/
22
22. Monk AR, Tracy S, Foureur M, Barclay L. Australian primary maternity units: past, present and future. Women Birth 2013;26(3):213-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830063/
23
23. Sharif R, Cuevas CR, Wang Y, Arora M, Sharma G. Guideline adherence in management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2013;107(7):1046-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23639271/
24
24. López-Campos JL, Arranz MA, Calero-Acuña C, Romero-Valero F, Ayerbe-García R, Hidalgo-Molina A, et al. Guideline adherence in outpatient clinics for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a clinical audit. PloS One 2016;11(3):e0151896. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4795772/
25
25. He M, Yu S, Wang L, Lv H, Qiu Z. Efficiency and safety of pulmonary rehabilitation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Monit 2015;21:806-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25783889/
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapies on Lipid Profile of HIV/AIDS Patients
AbstractBackground: There has been a significant decrease in HIV-related mortality following the introduction of antiretroviral therapies. This increase in life expectancy has caused an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Lipid metabolism could be affected by the virus itself or antiretroviral medications. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of first- and second-line HIV medications on lipid profile in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: The present study is a retrospective cohort study. The medical records of 66 AIDS patients older than 18 years, who referred to the Behavioral Counseling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital during the years 2009 to 2014, were retrieved. The patients were assigned into two groups including first- (36 patients) and second-line (30 patients) treatment groups. To ensure that the patients’ baseline information was matched, demographic information and baseline lipid profile were compared between two groups and no significant difference was found between them. To examine and compare the effect of HIV medications on lipid metabolism, patients’ lipid profile at the baseline and 6 months after treatment was compared.Results: The results showed that only triglyceride level was significantly affected by the type of HIV medication regimen (p <0.05). It was significantly higher in second-line medication group. Although the lipid profile (Cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels) showed an overall increase over the course of treatment in both groups, it was not statistically significant.Conclusion: In both groups, following antiretroviral medications (the first-and second-line), lipid profiles increased. Moreover, the triglyceride level was higher in second-line medications. Therefore, early screening and lipid lowering agents should be considered in HIV/AIDS patients receiving the retroviral medications in long term to prevent further cardiovascular complications.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125057_b9f12dada5f2fa4fd661ee0bd3a5bd24.pdf
2020-10-01
193
199
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5190
Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Anti-retroviral agents
Cholesterol
HDL
HIV infections
Triglycerides
Mehrnaz
Rasoolinejad
1
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Asadollahi–Amin
2
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Dadras
omiddadras@yahoo.com
3
Department of Global Health and Socioepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alieh
Pourdast
4
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Syyedmohamad
Ghavam
5
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
SeyedAhmad
SeyedAlinaghi
s_a_alinaghi@yahoo.com
6
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Jafari
7
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Malihe
Hasannejad
malihehasannezhad@yahoo.com
8
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Banafsheh
Moradmand-Badie
9
Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
AUTHOR
1. Albrecht H. Report from the 14th Retrovirus Conference. New data on HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection. AIDS Clin Care 2007;19(5):41. https://europepmc.org/article/med/18398990
1
2. UNAIDS. Islamic Republic of Iran. 2018.
2
3. Razani N, Mohraz M, Kheirandish P, Malekinejad M, Malekafzali H, Mokri A, et al. HIV risk behavior among injection drug users in Tehran, Iran. Addiction 2007;102(9):1472-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17645427/
3
4. Sterling RK, Contos MJ, Smith PG, Stravitz RT, Luketic VA, Fuchs M, et al. Steatohepatitis: Risk factors and impact on disease severity in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 2008;47(4):1118-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18366118/
4
5. Fong OW, Ho CF, Fung LY, Lee FK, Tse WH, Yuen CY, et al. Determinants of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Chinese HIV/AIDS patients. HIV Med 2003;4(2):133-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12702134/
5
6. Emamzadeh-Fard S, Fard SE, SeyedAlinaghi S, Paydary K. Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy and its determinants in HIV/AIDS patients: a review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012;12(5):346-56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23017163/
6
7. Eggleton JS, Nagalli S. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) [Updated 2020 Nov 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554533/
7
8. Eyeson JD, Tenant-Flowers M, Cooper DJ, Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya KA. Oral manifestations of an HIV positive cohort in the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in South London. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(3):169-74. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11903824/
8
9. Reeds DN, Yarasheski KE, Fontana L, Cade WT, Laciny E, DeMoss A, et al. Alterations in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity in men with HIV infection and dyslipidemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290(1):E47-e53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16118251/
9
10. Koppel K, Bratt G, Eriksson M, Sandstrom E. Serum lipid levels associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease is associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1 infection. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11(7):451-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10919487/
10
11. Oh J, Hegele RA. HIV-associated dyslipidaemia: pathogenesis and treatment. The Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7(12):787-96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18045561/
11
12. Montes ML, Pulido F, Barros C, Condes E, Rubio R, Cepeda C, et al. Lipid disorders in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir-based HAART: frequency, characterization and risk factors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55(5):800-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15761071/
12
13. WHO. Updated recommendations on first-line and second-line antiretroviral regimens and post-exposure prophylaxis and recommendations on early infant diagnosis of HIV. 2018.
13
14. Adewole OO, Eze S, Betiku Y, Anteyi E, Wada I, Ajuwon Z, et al. Lipid profile in HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2010;10(2):144-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956300/
14
15. Khiangte L, Vidyabati RK, Singh MK, Devi S, Singh T, Singh W. A study of serum lipid profile in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients. J Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine 2007;8:307-11.
15
16. Nguemaim NF, Mbuagbaw J, Nkoa T, Alemnji G, Teto G, Fanhi TC, et al. Serum lipid profile in highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-infected patients in Cameroon: a case-control study. HIV Med 2010;11(6):353-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20345886/
16
17. Di Yacovo S, Saumoy M, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Navarro A, Sviridov D, Javaloyas M, et al. Lipids, biomarkers, and subclinical atherosclerosis in treatment-naive HIV patients starting or not starting antiretroviral therapy: Comparison with a healthy control group in a 2-year prospective study. PLOS One 2020;15(8):e0237739. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32817629/
17
18. Pasupathi P, Bakthavathsalam G, Saravanan G, Devaraj A. Changes in CD4+ cell count, lipid profile and liver enzymes in HIV infection and AIDS patients. J App Biomed 2008;6(3):139-45.
18
19. Lu CL, Lin YH, Wong WW, Lin HH, Ho MW, Wang NC, et al. Outcomes of switch to atazanavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with hyperlipidemia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2011;44(4):258-64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21524961/
19
20. Souza SJ, Luzia LA, Santos SS, Rondo PH. Lipid profile of HIV-infected patients in relation to antiretroviral therapy: a review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2013;59(2):186-98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23582562/
20
21. Dai LL, Liu A, Zhang H, Wu H, Zhang T, Su B, Shao Y, et al. Impact of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy on the lipid profile of Chinese HIV/AIDS treatment-naïve patients in Beijing: A retrospective study. Curr HIV Res 2019;17(5):324-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31654514/
21
22. Badiou S, Merle De Boever C, Dupuy AM, Baillat V, Cristol JP, Reynes J. Decrease in LDL size in HIV-positive adults before and after lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen: an index of atherogenicity? Atherosclerosis 2003;168(1):107-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12732393/
22
23. Young J, Weber R, Rickenbach M, Furrer H, Bernasconi E, Hirschel B, et al. Lipid profiles for antiretroviral-naive patients starting PI- and NNRTI-based therapy in the Swiss HIV cohort study. Antivir Ther 2005;10(5):585-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16152752/
23
24. Spector AA. HIV Protease inhibitors and hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2006;26(1):7-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16373621/
24
25. Lagathu C, Béréziat V, Gorwood J, Fellahi S, Bastard JP, Vigouroux C, et al. Metabolic complications affecting adipose tissue, lipid and glucose metabolism associated with HIV antiretroviral treatment. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019;18(9):829-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31304808/
25
26. Keiser PH, Sension MG, DeJesus E, Rodriguez A, Olliffe JF, Williams VC, et al. Substituting abacavir for hyperlipidemia-associated protease inhibitors in HAART regimens improves fasting lipid profiles, maintains virologic suppression, and simplifies treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15647105/
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of the Safety of Ovarian Preservation at Early Stage of Endometrial Cancer in Premenopausal Women
AbstractBackground: Endometrial cancer usually occurs at postmenopause stage of life but its incidence in younger patients is increasing in the last decades. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ovarian preservation in the early stage of endometrial cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 174 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy in 5 years were included. Results: The results showed that 51.1% of the patients were at stage IA, 28.7% at stage IB, 6.9% at stage II, 11.5% at stage III and 1.7% at stage IV of endometrial cancer when they underwent surgery. One patient (1.12%) at stage IA of endometrial cancer, one patient (2%) at stage IB and one patient (8.3%) at stage II had micrometastasis in ovaries, and 8 patients (40%) at stage III and 2 patients (66.6%) at stage IV had micrometastasis and co-existing tumor. Conclusion: In conclusion, findings revealed the high safety of ovarian preservation in endometrial cancer at earlier stages of the endometrial cancer with low risk of ovarian involvement.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125062_fb216b0c9a25d3b544422ddae0198334.pdf
2020-10-01
200
204
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5191
Keywords: Endometrial neoplasms
Hysterectomy
Fertility preservation
Salpingo-oophorectomy
Elham
Shirali
shirali.gyn@gmail.com
1
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mitra
Modarres Gilani
2
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fariba
Yarandi
yarandi_f@yahoo.com
3
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Omid
Hemmatian
omid@yahoo.com
4
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Azar
Ahmadzadeh
5
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Zohre
Kazemi
6
Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
marjan
ghaemi
marjan_ghaemi@yahoo.com
7
Valie-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, (VRHRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68(1):7-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29313949/
1
2. TorreLA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65(2):87-108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25651787/
2
3. Pellerin GP, Finan MA. Endometrial cancer in women 45 years of age or younger: a clinicopathological analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193(5):1640-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260203/
3
4. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007;57(1):43-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17237035/
4
5. Creasman WT, Odicino F, Maisonneuve P, Quinn MA, Beller U, Benedet JL, et al. Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006;95 Suppl 1:S105-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17161155/
5
6. Bakour SH, Khan KS, Gupta JK. Controlled analysis of factors associated with insufficient sample on outpatient endometrial biopsy. BJOG 2000;107(10):1312-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11028588/
6
7. Lynch HT, Lynch JF, Lynch PM, Attardet T. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: molecular genetics, genetic counseling, diagnosis and management. Fam Cancer 2008;7(1):27-39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17999161/
7
8. Walker JL, Piedmonte MR, Spirtos NM, Eisenkop SM, Schlaerth JB, Mannel RS, et al. Laparoscopy compared with laparotomy for comprehensive surgical staging of uterine cancer: Gynecologic Oncology Group Study LAP2. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(32):5331-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805679/
8
9. Janda M, Gebski V, Brand A, Hogg R, Jobling TW, Land R, et al. Quality of life after total laparoscopic hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy for stage I endometrial cancer (LACE): a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11(8):772-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638899/
9
10. Mourits MJ, Bijen CB, Arts HJ, ter Brugge HG, van der Sijde R, Paulsen L, et al. Safety of laparoscopy versus laparotomy in early-stage endometrial cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11(8):763-71. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20638901/
10
11. Wright JD, Buck AM, Shah M, Burke WM, Schiff PB, Herzog TJ. Safety of ovarian preservation in premenopausal women with endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(8):1214-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19171707/
11
12. Obstetrics, I.F.o.G.a. Staging of endometrial cancer. 2019 29 Oct. 2020].
12
13. Mariani A, Dowdy SC, Cliby WA, Haddock MG, Keeney GL, Lesnick TG, et al. Efficacy of systematic lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy in node-positive endometrial cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2006;101(2):200-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16510174/
13
14. Nomura H, Aoki D, Suzuki N, Susumu N, Suzuki A, Tamada Y, et al. Analysis of clinicopathologic factors predicting para‐aortic lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16(2):799-804. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16681764/
14
15. Nagar H, Dobbs S, McClelland R, Price J, McCluggage M, Grey A. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting cervical involvement in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103(2):431-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16697034/
15
16. Chung HH, Kang SB, Cho JY, Kim JW, Park NH, Song YS, et al. Accuracy of MR imaging for the prediction of myometrial invasion of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2007;104(3):654-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17095081
16
17. Orshan SA, Furniss KK, Forst C, Santoro N. The lived experience of premature ovarian failure. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2001;30(2):202-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11308110/
17
18. Atsma F, Bartelink MEL, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Postmenopausal status and early menopause as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Menopause 2006;13(2):265-79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16645540/
18
19. Rocca WA, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, Ahlskog JE, Grossardt BR, de Andrade M, et al. Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause. Neurology 2007;69(11):1074-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17761551/
19
20. Jacobsen BK, Nilssen S, Heuch I, Kvåle G. Does age at natural menopause affect mortality from ischemic heart disease? J Clin Epidemiol 1997:50(4):475-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9179106/
20
21. Cooper GS, Sandler DP. Age at natural menopause and mortality. Ann Epidemiol 1998;8(4):229-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9590601/
21
22. Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D, Stone K, Ensrud K, Jamal S, Ettinger B. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. N Engl J Med 1998;339(11):733-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9731089/
22
23. Barakat RR, Bundy BN, Spirtos NM, Bell J, Mannel RS, Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Randomized double-blind trial of estrogen replacement therapy versus placebo in stage I or II endometrial cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(4):587-92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16446331/
23
24. Shamshirsaz AA, Withiam-Leitch M, Odunsi K, Baker T, Frederick PJ, Shashikant L. Young patients with endometrial carcinoma selected for conservative treatment: a need for vigilance for synchronous ovarian carcinomas, case report and literature review. Gynecol Oncol 2007;104(3):757-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17215032/
24
25. Walsh C, Holschneider C, Hoang Y, Tieu K, Karlan B, Cass I. Coexisting ovarian malignancy in young women with endometrial cancer. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005;106(4):693-9. https://europepmc.org/article/med/16199623
25
26. Lee TS, Jung JY, Kim JW, Park NH, Song YS, Kang SB, et al. Feasibility of ovarian preservation in patients with early stage endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2007;104(1):52-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16887175/
26
27. Wright JD, Buck AM, Shah M, Burke WM, Schiff PB, Herzog TJ. Safety of ovarian preservation in premenopausal women with endometrial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(8):1214-9. https://europepmc.org/article/med/19171707
27
28. Ugaki H, Kimura T, Miyatake T, Ueda Y, Yoshino K, Matsuzaki S, et al. Intraoperative frozen section assessment of myometrial invasion and histology of endometrial cancer using the revised FIGO staging system. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21(7):1180-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21795987/
28
29. Kumar S, Medeiros F, Dowdy SC, Keeney GL, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Podratz KC, et al. A prospective assessment of the reliability of frozen section to direct intraoperative decision making in endometrial cancer. Gynecolo Oncol 2012;127(3):525-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22940491/
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between the Type of Milk Consumed and the Risk of Kidney Stones in Children Under Two Years of Age
AbstractBackground: Kidney stones are one of several serious health problems in childhood that cause nutritional and growth disorders, and may finally lead to chronic kidney failure in this group.Methods: In this analytical study conducted through a case-control design, 30 children under the age of two with kidney stones, and 125 children of the same age and sex without stones were studied. Patient information including personal profile and the results of some necessary tests were extracted from patient records and listed in a checklist. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 17.0). Statistical significance was considered when p-value was <0.05.Results: In terms of duration of breastfeeding, a significant difference was observed between the patients with stones and patients without stones; the duration of breastfeeding was longer in the control group (p=0.003). In addition, the duration of feeding with formula milk and cow milk was longer in the case group (p=0.038 and p=0.012, respectively).Conclusion: Breastfeeding can serve as a nutritional factor that plays a preventive and protective role against the formation of kidney stones in infants.
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125065_3f972137bf27067c4c1acb259a9b6076.pdf
2020-10-01
205
210
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5192
Keywords: Animals
Breast feeding
Child
Infant
Kidney stone
Milk
Hamideh
Shajari
shajarih@tums.ac.ir
1
Department of Neonatology, Shariati Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Shajari
a_shajari@iauyazd.ac.ir
2
Department of Pediatrics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Golshan Tafti
3
Department of Pediatrics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Samaninejad
4
Department of Pediatrics, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Sarica K, Narter F, Sabuncu K, Akca A, Can U, Buz A, et al. Factors affecting the course of body and kidney growth in infants with urolithiasis: A critical long-term evaluation. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2016;88(4):249-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28073186/
1
2. Manzoor MAP, Agrawal AK, Singh B, Mujeeburahiman M, Rekha PD. Morphological characteristics and microstructure of kidney stones using synchrotron radiation μCT reveal the mechanism of crystal growth and aggregation in mixed stones. PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0214003-e. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6430423/
2
3. Pawar AS, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Sakhuja A, Mao MA, Erickson SB. Incidence and characteristics of kidney stones in patients with horseshoe kidney: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Ann 2018;10(1):87-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791465/
3
4. Finch WJ, Irving SO. Role of diet in the prevention of common kidney stones. Trends in Urology 2007;12(5):18-9.
4
5. Yousefichaijan P, Rezagholi Zamenjany M, Dorreh F, Nakhaei MR, Rafiei M, Babayikazir M. Evaluation of nutritional factors in kidney stones formation in children. Iran J Pediatrics 2018;28(2):e9196.
5
6. Mohammadjafari H, Barzin M, Salehifar E, Khademi Kord M, Aalaee A, Mohammadjafari R. Etiologic and epidemiologic pattern of urolithiasis in north iran;review of 10-year findings. Iran J Pediatr 2014;24(1):69-74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359607/
6
7. Kramer MS, Aboud F, Mironova E, Vanilovich I, Platt RW, Matush L, et al. Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65(5):578-84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458209/
7
8. Walters DD, Phan LTH, Mathisen R. The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool. Health Policy Plan 2019;34(6):407-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31236559/
8
9. Yasmeen T, Kumar S, Sinha S, Haque MA, Singh V, Sinha S. Benefits of breastfeeding for early growth and long term obesity: A summarized review. Int J Med Sci Diag Res (IJMSDR) 2019;3(1).
9
10. Elmoussaoui S, Kaoutar K, Chetoui A, Chigr F, Bourous M, Najimi M. Benefits of breastfeeding. World J Research Review 2018;7(6):24-6.
10
11. Moghaddas F, Yousefi F, Bagheri F, Mohammadi M, Mahdian Arefi F, Beikmohammadi A, et al. The effect of the amount and type of liquid intake on kidney calculi: A case-control study. Iran J Epidemiol 2015;11(2):54-60.
11
12. Al-Eisa A, Al-Hunayyan A, Gupta R. Pediatric urolithiasis in Kuwait. Int Urol Nephrol 2002;33(1):3-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12090336/
12
13. Bozkurt HB, Çetin T, Sarıca K. The possible beneficial effect of breastfeeding on the clinical course of urolithiasis detected during infancy. Breastfeeding Medicine 2020;15(2):84-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928369/
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fighting COVID-19; Governments or the Masses?
Since the identification and global spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China to date (1 September 2020), more than 26,506,670 people worldwide have been infected with the disease and more than 876,677 people have died of the disease (1). Observing what has happened during this period and paying attention to the way governments have dealt with this recent situation in the long run have raised serious concerns about slow and late steps of governments from the beginning of the spread of the disease (2).
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125066_970ecf2d61b17c959790e83d3844854d.pdf
2020-10-01
211
213
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5193
Non
Rahim
Badrfam
rbadrfam@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Atefeh
Zandifar
zandifaratefe@gmail.com
2
Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. World Health Organization,Situational Report ,9 October,2020. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-update-on-covid-19-9-october-2020.
1
2. COVID-19: too little, too late? Lancet 2020;395(10226):755. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135007/
2
3. Mills A, Bennett S, Russell S. The challenge of health sector reform. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2001.p. 245.
3
4. World Health Organization, speeches, 23 March, 2020. Available from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---23-march-2020.
4
5. World Health Organization, news room, 1 October, 2020. Available from https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/01-10-2020-the-best-time-to-prevent-the-next-pandemic-is-now-countries-join-voices-for-better-emergency-preparedness.
5
6. Huang Y. The SARS epidemic and its aftermath in China: a political perspective. Learning from SARS: Preparing for the next disease outbreak. 2004:116-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92479/
6
7. Peckham R. COVID-19 and the anti-lessons of history. Lancet 2020;395(10227):850-2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124555/
7
8. Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet 2020;395(10229):1035-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138170/
8
9. Kye B, Hwang SJ. Social trust in the midst of pandemic crisis: Implications from COVID-19 of South Korea. Res Soc Stratif Mobil 2020;68:100523.
9
10. Takian A, Raoofi A, Kazempour-Ardebili S. COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran. Lancet (London, England) 2020;395(10229):1035-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32199073/
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Quality of Sleep during COVID-19 Pandemic
During COVID-19 pandemic, factors such as incidence of uncontrollable conditions, uncertainty of the future, and changes in daily life patterns affect the mental and physical health of individuals. Anxiety, depression, and stress caused by the pandemic can significantly change the quality of sleep in people. Some studies have shown that young women, individuals with high levels of fear of COVID-19, and people with a history of psychiatric problems are expected to experience sleep problems such as insomnia more severely. Poor sleep can weaken the immune system and make individuals more vulnerable to viral infections. Under these conditions, optimal sleep patterns can help regulate mood, improve brain function, and boost energy during the day. However, maintaining good health is not an easy task in quarantine conditions due to the limitations in social communication and sedentary lifestyle (1,2).The focus of this letter is on mental health of staff, general practitioners, and sleep specialists to educate their patients and people in the community about how to improve quality of sleep and deal with sleep problems during COVID-19 pandemic. The following are some typical suggestions to overcome the negative effects of the current pandemic:
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125068_c6a8fbc92526671ce72d142ce97be057.pdf
2020-10-01
214
215
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5194
Non
Mir Farhad
Ghalehbandi
ghalehbandi.m@iums.ac.ir
1
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fahimeh
Saeed
fasaeed@yahoo.com
2
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Kashaninasab
kashaninasab.f@iums.ac.ir
3
Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Lin LY, Wang J, Ou-yang XY, Miao Q, Chen R, Liang FX, et al. The immediate impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on subjective sleep status. Sleep Medicine 2020 Jun 1.
1
2. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res 2020;288:112954. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152913/
2
3. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, Ellis J, Gavriloff D, Holzinger B, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. J Sleep Res 2020;29(4):e13052. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32246787/
3
4. American Academy of Sleep Medicine -AASM: Summary of CDC recommendations relevant for sleep practices during COVID-19 (Aug. 27)
4
5. Morin CM, Carrier J, Bastien C, Godbout R, and On behalf of the Canadian Sleep and Circadian Network. Sleep and circadian rhythm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Public Health 2020;111(5):654-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7375451/
5
6. Reiter RJ, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Marik PE, Dominguez-Rodriguez A. Therapeutic algorithm for use of melatonin in patients with COVID-19. Front Med 2020;7:226. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7242729/
6
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COVID-19 and Psychosomatic Care in the Largest General and Academic Hospital in Iran
During the relatively short period of COVID-19 pandemic, we have witnessed numerous psychiatric and psychosomatic problems among patients with this disease and different groups of people and health care staff (1). Growing concerns about the uncertainty of the situation, along with fear and changes in biological rhythm, have played an important role in the formation of psychosomatic symptoms associated with this disease (2). In addition, increased depression and anxiety and decreased quality of life and well-being in different parts of the world, compared to the time before the recent pandemic, have been reported (3).
http://www.jimc.ir/article_125069_c0a6d7bf994268c3b3a501394ca06af0.pdf
2020-10-01
216
218
http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v3i4.5195
COVID-19
psychosomatic care
General Hospital
bed side psychoeducation
Ahmad Ali
Noorbala
noorbala1@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Rahim
Badrfam
rbadrfam@gmail.com
2
Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Atefeh
Zandifar
zandifaratefe@gmail.com
3
Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rajaei Educational & Medical Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020;383(6):510-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32283003/
1
2. Gica S, Kavakli M, Durduran Y, Ak M. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on psychosomatic complaints and investigation of the mediating role of intolerance to uncertainty, biological rhythm changes and perceived COVID-19 threat in this relationship: A web-based community survey. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2020;30(2):89-96.
2
3. Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. J Psychosomatic Res 2020;136:110186.
3
4. Zandifar A, Badrfam R. Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163908/
4
5. Zandifar A, Badrfam R, Yazdani S, Arzaghi SM, Rahimi F, Ghasemi S, et al. Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020:1-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33145259/
5
6. Majeed MH, Wasiq S, Mumtaz A, Ahmed S. On the lack of Consultation-Liaison (psychosomatic medicine) services in Pakistan. Asian J Psychiat 2018;36:110-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30059949/
6
7. Peris A, Bonizzoli M, Iozzelli D, Migliaccio ML, Zagli G, Bacchereti A, et al. Early intra-intensive care unit psychological intervention promotes recovery from post traumatic stress disorders, anxiety and depression symptoms in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2011;15(1):R41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21272307/
7
8. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020;88:901-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206431/
8
9. Badrfam R, Zandifar A, Arbabi M. Mental health of medical workers in COVID-19 pandemic: restrictions and barriers. J Res Health Sci 2020;20(2):e00481. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814702/
9
10. Kalra G, Desousa A. Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2011;2(1):9-19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25013589/
10
11. Joos A. Psychosomatic medicine and Covid-19 pandemic. Psychother Psychosom 2020;89(4):263-4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32252058/
11